Institute Report
Drug Expenditure Dynamics 2000–2022
Understanding Medicine and Healthcare Spending in Context
Oct 21, 2025

Report Summary:

Cross-country comparisons of healthcare and drug expenditures are vital for policy discussions but are complicated by inconsistent and incomplete official statistics. The World Health Organization’s System of Health Accounts (SHA) and the OECD provide key frameworks, though non-retail drug spending, especially in hospitals, is often omitted. This analysis enhances official data to produce the most comprehensive estimates of total drug spending to date.

Findings show that drug expenditures remain stable at about 15% of total healthcare spending across 12 major markets, ranging from 9% to 20%. Countries with lower overall health spending tend to have a higher drug share, while those with strong market access controls and price negotiations, such as the UK, have a lower share. The UK’s proportion has stayed around 9% for over two decades, while the U.S. leads in absolute and per capita spending.

Differences in pricing, access, and uptake of innovative medicines explain much of the remaining variation. However, opaque discount and rebate structures and diverse health system priorities prevent definitive judgments about optimal spending levels.

Key Findings:

  • 1. Total drug spending remains an important, but small part of total healthcare expenditure:

    • Total drug spending averages 15% of healthcare expenditure in 2022, the most recent year consistently available, for the 12 major global countries studied, ranging between 9% and 20%.
    • The UK has the lowest drug share at 9% and the lowest per capita drug spending at $656, similar to Canada at 11% drug share and $765 per capita drug spending, remaining stable in both countries since 2000.
  • 2. Higher drug spending shares are normally associated with countries where healthcare spending is lower overall, such as Japan and South Korea.

  • 3. Drug spending as a share of healthcare continues to converge around 15:

    • Drug spending as a percentage of healthcare has remained stable over the last 20 years, averaging between 15–17% of healthcare across 12 countries.
    • Since 2000, countries have been converging toward 15%, where historically there was greater variation. In 2022, there is less variability with countries ranging between 9–20%, compared to 9–28% in 2000.

Related solutions

Contact Us