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Key Access Pathways and Bottlenecks for Medicines in LMICs
Data Insights into Recently Launched and Established Medicines
Jun 24, 2025
Report Summary:
Access to medicines is a cornerstone of equitable healthcare and a critical determinant of health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which are home to over 80% of the global population. These countries face a disproportionate burden of both communicable and non-communicable diseases, making timely access to effective treatments essential for improving population health, reducing mortality, and addressing health disparities.
Ensuring the availability of both recently launched medicines and established essential medicines in LMICs is a matter of public health and a key factor in achieving global health equity and meeting national health targets and international development goals, such as Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, significant barriers — ranging from regulatory challenges and reimbursement to supply chain inefficiencies and national infrastructure and capacity — often limit access to these medicines, delaying or denying treatment to millions of patients. Addressing these challenges and bottlenecks is vital for fostering healthier, more resilient communities worldwide.
This report evaluates select access pathways for two types of medicines in 18 LMICs. One, the “recently launched” analyses focus on medicines first launched globally between 2013 and 2022. Two, the “established” analyses focus on a selection of medicines from the 2023 version of the WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) excluding - among others - the “recently launched” entries. The analysis examines several factors that influence drug availability and accessibility: whether these medicines are registered locally, included on national essential medicines lists, reimbursed by healthcare systems, or sold in-country. The number of countries with quality data varies for each measure.
By identifying gaps in these areas, the study highlights potential bottlenecks in the drug access process that may contribute to inequities both within and across nations. These findings aim to provide key data to support discussions around these bottlenecks as well as success stories and inform strategies to improve access to essential and recently launched medicines.
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